Energy Use, Carbon Emissions, and Irrigation of Orange Production in Türkiye

The objective of this study is to investigate the energy efficiency, greenhouse gas emissions and irrigation associated with orange production. The study will provide valuable insights into the environmental impact of orange production. The study was conducted during the 2020–2021 agricultural season in the province of Adana. The study data were collected from the 31 orange producers determined according to stratified random sampling method in Adana province. The aim of this study is to evaluate the energy use efficiency, irrigation activities and carbon emission levels of orange production in Adana province of Türkiye, based on the relevant literature. The study findings reveal that the energy required for orange production includes human labor 5033.73 MJ ha−1 (10.58%), machinery 531 MJ ha−1 (1.12%), pesticides 2730.00 MJ ha−1 (5.74%), farmyard manure 1163.89 MJ ha−1 (2.45%), chemical fertilizers 15,344.60 MJ ha−1 (32.26%), diesel fuel 822.99 MJ ha−1 (1.73%), irrigation water 3123.65 MJ ha−1 (6.57%), electricity 17,226 MJ ha−1 (36.22%), transportation 1587.08 MJ ha−1 (3.34%). The total carbon emissions resulting from orange production were calculated to be 5343.30 kgCO2eq kg−1. Of all emission sources, the use of electricity was found to have the highest contribution with 54.45%.