Proteomic characterization of venom from Scorpio fuscus (Scorpiones: Scorpionidae) with perspectives for therapeutic applications

Scorpion venom, renowned for its complexity and bioactivity, presents a fascinating landscape of molecules with diverse functionalities. This study delves into the intricate world of Scorpio fuscus venom proteins involving 1D gel-based proteomics followed by de novo protein identification employing LC-MS/MS. A total of 84 proteins were identified, unveiling a multifaceted composition with distinct functional categories. Notable entities include heteroscorpine-1, venom peptides (HtLKTx1-6, maurocalcin, opiscorpine-1 to 4), and phospholipase A2 hemilipin. These proteins exhibit potential applications in ion channel modulation and antimicrobial activity. Although some toxins show in vitro cytotoxicity, further in vivo investigations are needed to assess their true anticancer potential. The investigation highlights 16 potential antimicrobial peptides/proteins, including Con22 and opiscorpine-1. Additionally, 13 proteins related to lipid metabolism, such as phospholipase A2 heteromtoxin, were identified, suggesting potential effects in angiogenesis and cellular processes. The study identified the αKTx6.2 channel toxin peptide, maurotoxin, a potent inhibitor of voltage-dependent potassium channels. The presence of hemocyanin, a respiratory pigment, adds complexity to our insight into scorpion physiology, suggesting potential roles in immune responses and resistance to ionizing irradiations, beyond oxygen transport. Furthermore, the identification of proteins unknown or uncharacterized for their functions, including La1-like protein 13 and CAP-Uro-1, extends the intricacy of the venom composition, warranting further investigations into their functional significance. This comprehensive analysis provides a nuanced perspective on the Scorpio fuscus venom, shedding light on potential therapeutic avenues, antimicrobial applications, and the evolutionary adaptations that have shaped scorpion venoms.