Client preferences for religious/spiritual matching and integration in psychotherapy in a predominantly Muslim context: Evidence from Türkiye

In this mixed-methods study (N = 1,265), we examined preferences for religious/spiritual (R/S) inclusion in psychotherapy in Türkiye. The quantitative component used a probability discounting paradigm to assess preferences for R/S identity match with the therapist and R/S integration into therapy. The qualitative component analyzed open-ended responses on reasons for preferring or avoiding religious or nonreligious therapists. Participants were classified based on their self-identifications into three groups: religious Muslims (n = 544), nonreligious Muslims (n = 480), and nonreligious nonMuslims (n = 241). All groups expressed a significant desire for identity match and R/S integration. Among religious participants, both aspects were equally valued, whereas nonreligious participants strongly preferred a nonreligious therapist over R/S technique integration. While R/S match preferences were similar between religious and nonreligious Muslims, nonreligious nonMuslims exhibited the highest preference for R/S identity match. Religiosity and support for laicism were correlated with R/S inclusion preferences, varying by participants’ R/S identity. Prior psychotherapy experience reduced R/S inclusion preferences only among religious participants. Qualitative findings revealed that religious Muslims prioritized R/S compatibility and ease of understanding in seeking a religious therapist. In contrast, nonreligious participants preferred a scientific, religion-free approach. The results are discussed in relation to Türkiye’s historical and sociocultural context.