Pair approximation method for spin-1 Heisenberg system

Spin-1 Heisenberg system on simple cubic lattice is considered in the pair approximation method assuming that the second-nearest-neighbor exchange interaction parameter has a negative value. The system is described in presence of an external magnetic field. The effects of the negative single-ion anisotropy and the negative second-nearest-neighbor exchange interaction on magnetization, internal energy, heat capacity, entropy and free energy are investigated. There are diverse anomalies at low temperature. In the magnetization and other thermodynamic quantities, the first-order phase transitions from ferromagnetic state to antiferromagnetic state and from ferromagnetic state to paramagnetic state have been observed.