AI-Driven nanofiber platforms for essential oil delivery in dry period cows: a sustainable strategy against mastitis and antimicrobial resistance

The routine utilisation of prophylactic antibiotics in dairy cows during the dry period has been demonstrated to accelerate the rise of antimicrobial resistance, constituting a significant challenge within the One Health framework. The incorporation of essential oils into nanofibre delivery systems provides a sustainable alternative that has become a pivotal instrument in the field of nanotechnology. This approach integrates the inherent antimicrobial properties of specific compounds with a controlled release mechanism and targeted application. It provides a solution for reducing reliance on antibiotics, and the combination of nanoscience and AI further enhances this method. The utilisation of artificial intelligence has the potential to facilitate precise diagnostics, support personalized treatment plans, and enable predictive health monitoring. Consequently, this can lead to improvements in herd management and a reduction in unnecessary pharmaceutical treatments. These innovations have been demonstrated to have a number of benefits, including the promotion of animal health, food security and the strengthening of agricultural systems. In accordance with the EU Green Deal and global sustainability goals, the utilisation of nanofibre-based phytotherapeutics has been demonstrated to assist in the reduction of carbon emissions, the minimisation of drug residues, and the safeguarding of public health. The ethical development of these technologies necessitates a One Health perspective, underpinned by scalable manufacturing techniques, comprehensive environmental impact assessments, and harmonised regulatory frameworks. The integration of nanotechnology, phytotherapy and artificial intelligence has the potential to transform veterinary diagnostics and treatments, thereby establishing sustainable dairy farming as a paradigm for climate-resilient agricultural innovation.