Physiological and molecular mechanisms in improving salinity stress tolerance by beneficial microorganisms in plants

Through symbiotic and asymbiotic interactions, beneficial microorganisms promote plant growth and development directly or indirectly according to their unique abilities. These microorganisms produce plant growth regulators, including ACC-deaminase and siderophore, those that release organic acids, N2-fixing bacteria and phosphate solubilizing bacteria, and those that increase acquisition of nitrogen and phosphorus under stressed and nonstressed conditions. Beneficial microorganisms can also affect the physiological and molecular events of plants. In this study, we discuss how beneficial microorganisms contribute to salt stress tolerance through physiological and molecular events in plants and how those mechanisms work.