Biomaterials in three-dimensional cell culture: bone and cartilage regeneration

Cell cultures, which are used to study and explain the activities of the microenvironment of living organisms at the cellular level, have been developed using various models and have made significant contributions over time. Due to the insufficient polarity, division, and extracellular matrix (ECM) development of cells in two-dimensional (2D) culture media resulting into limited vital activities such as the representation of cell morphology, niche environment, differentiation, proliferation, drug metabolism, viability, matrix production, gene and protein expression, transition to the threedimensional (3D) culture model has been increased. In this review, we discuss the importance of 3D culture systems and present an outline of the properties of biomaterials used to construct 3D scaffolds and their interactions with cells.