Microbial Nanomaterials for the Treatment of Wastewaters

Recent advances in microbial removal technologies have demonstrated the significant potential of nanomaterials in eliminating biological contaminants from water sources. Multifunctional nanocomposites have broadened their applications in water treatment, offering an innovative alternative to traditional chemical disinfectants, which can produce harmful byproducts. This has increased the demand for safer, decentralized water treatment solutions. Engineered nanomaterials like titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), silver nanoparticles (nAg), and carbon nanotubes exhibit strong antimicrobial properties by generating reactive oxygen species, disrupting cell membranes, and inhibiting enzyme functions. While these materials are used in consumer products, their effectiveness in large-scale water treatment systems still requires more thorough evaluation. This book chapter explores the antimicrobial mechanisms of different nanoparticles, focusing on four categories: carbon materials, metal oxides, metal/metal oxide composites, and polymeric metal oxide nanocomposites. It also examines the effects of nanomaterials on microbial communities in both natural and engineered environments, emphasizing the need to understand their function to improve their performance. Finally, the chapter discusses future research directions and societal and health considerations, providing a foundation for advancing the use of nanomaterials in water purification.