In Vitro and in Vivo Biological Investigations of Camphene and Its Mechanism Insights: A Review

Camphene (C10H16) also-called2,2-dimethyl-3-methylidenebicyclo[2.2.1] heptane is a volatile compound belonging to the terpenoid family, in particular to the group of monoterpene hydrocarbons. It is presented as a secondary metabolite in various aromatic and medicinal plants, especially Thymus, Origanum, and Salvia genera, and is considered one of the major components of their essential oils. Numerous in vitro and in vivo investigations have proven the biological properties of camphene including antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antioxidant, antiparasitic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and hypolipidemic activities. Moreover, camphene was also reported to exhibit anti-leishmanial, hepatoprotective, antiviral, and anti-acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. The current review highlights the previous reports on the biological properties of this molecule; camphene. The mechanisms of action involved and the potential application of camphene as a drug are also discussed. In light of these findings, in-depth preclinical and clinical studies on this molecule are strongly required to validate its applications in pharmaceutical field. Presented information could shed light into further studies on this molecule.