Nanoemulsion formulated with stem extract of Sideroxylon mascatense: characterization, antimicrobial evaluation, wound healing study, and blood sugar analysis activity

Sideroxylon mascatense is a short spiny tree widely distributed in the hilly areas of southern Arabian Peninsula (Yemen, Saudi Arabia, and Oman) to Pakistan and Afghanistan. Plant-derived products have an imperative biological role against certain pathogenic organisms and were considered to be a major source of modern drugs. The present study evaluated the medicinal effects of nanoemulsion loaded with the plant extract of S. mascatense. Stem part was used for extract preparation which was then incorporated into nanoemulsion, prepared by high-pressure homogenization technique. The prepared nanoemulsion was characterized by checking its size, zeta potential measurements, polydispersity index, phase separation, pH, viscosity, and stability study. Antibacterial and antifungal activity was performed by agar well diffusion method. Blood sugar analysis activity was performed by glucometer. Wound healing evaluation of nanoemulsion containing clove oil was carried out by using the Albino rats. Plant-based nanoemulsion showed significantly higher antibacterial activity against selected bacterial strains while antifungal activity had low to moderate zone of inhibition. Formulated nanoemulsion significantly reduced the blood sugar level and increased the contraction rate of wounds in Albino rats. The results showed that prepared nanoemulsion has particle size (134.66 nm), zeta potential (− 10.43 mV), and polydispersity index (0.63), which fall within standard range. Zeta potential values were from ± 30 mV indicating good stability, which was also confirmed by dispersion stability studies. The current work suggests that a nanoformulation including a stem extract of Sideroxylon mascatense might be introduced for further study and employed as an antifungal and antibacterial agent. It was also concluded that nanoemulsion significantly reduced the blood glucose level and has good wound healing effects and was found to be statistically significant as compared to control.