Rhubarb-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Mitigate Oxidative Stress and Metabolic Dysfunction in an Alzheimer’s Cellular Model

Background/Objectives: Extracellular vesicles derived from edible plants have emerged as bioactive nanostructures with potential therapeutic and nutraceutical properties and are currently being investigated as natural carriers for the treatment of oxidative stress-induced damage and oxidative stress-related diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recent studies suggest that PDEVs exhibit high stability within the gastrointestinal tract and selective tissue-targeting abilities, facilitating the efficient delivery of bioactive molecules. Methods: This study investigates the antioxidant effects of Rheum rhabarbarum-derived EVs by assessing the antioxidant activity through different in vitro assays and their effects on oxidative stress and energy metabolism in the cellular model of Alzheimer’s disease. Results: Rhubarb-derived EVs showed measurable antioxidant capacity in chemical assays and were non-toxic under the tested conditions. Treatment reduced intracellular ROS levels and modulated oxidative stress-related proteins, suggesting a potential protective effect against oxidative damage. Moreover, metabolic analysis revealed a decrease in glycolytic activity, indicating a potential restoration of cellular bioenergetic homeostasis. Conclusions: These results provide preliminary evidence supporting the nutraceutical interest of rhubarb-derived EVs in counteracting oxidative stress, while further studies will be needed to confirm their biological relevance and therapeutic potential.