Engineering Nanoscale Frontiers: Valve Metal Oxide Nanostructures From Fundamentals to Multifunctional Biomedical Applications

Valve metal oxide nanostructures represent a frontier in biomaterial science, where deliberate surface engineering at the nanoscale directly dictates their biological performance. This synergy enables the creation of multifunctional platforms capable of addressing complex challenges in diagnostics, therapy, and regenerative medicine. TiO2, Ta2O5, Nb2O5, ZrO2, and HfO2 constitute a remarkable class of valve metal oxide nanostructures that combine exceptional stability, tunable surface properties, and biocompatibility. Their intrinsic mechanical robustness and corrosion resistance are critically important for biomedical implants, providing the essential structural integrity required for long-term in vivo performance and osseointegration. Their nanometer-scale architectures facilitate a wide range of biomedical applications, from implant coatings and antimicrobial surfaces to drug delivery, biosensors, and phototherapy. Furthermore, their photocatalytic and piezoelectric properties expand their potential as versatile tools for next-generation therapeutic strategies. Due to their future potential, these robust materials are also indispensable for personalized and targeted medicine. This review details the fundamental synthesis techniques, physicochemical properties, and biological interactions of valve metal oxides, highlighting their importance in enhancing biofunctionality and therapeutic efficacy. Current challenges regarding safety, scalability, and clinical application are also examined, highlighting their potential roles as multifunctional platforms for biomedical advancement.