Evaluation of Energy Use Efficiency Indicators and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Blackberry (Rubus Fruticosus L.) Fruit Growing in Türkiye

The objective of this study was to determine the energy balance, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with the growing of blackberry fruit. The study was carried out during the 2024–2025 agricultural season. Within this scope, energy use efficiency, specific energy, energy productivity, net energy, and GHG emissions were assessed. The total energy input for blackberry fruit growing was calculated as 18,568.18 MJ ha−1. Among the input components, diesel fuel accounted for the highest share at 6847.30 MJ ha−1 (36.88%), followed by chemical fertilizers at 5734.89 MJ ha−1 (30.88%), irrigation water at 1537.20 MJ ha-1 (8.28), machinery at 1300.88 MJ ha−1 (7.00%), human labor at 1212.24 MJ ha−1 (6.53%), insecticides at 1090.80 MJ ha−1 (5.87%), mineral liquid fertilizers at 703.30 MJ ha−1 (3.79%), and fungicides at 141.57 MJ ha−1 (0.76%). Energy performance indicators were determined as follows: energy use efficiency 3.97; specific energy 0.94 MJ kg−1; energy productivity 1.07 kg MJ−1, and net energy, 55,167.02 MJ ha−1. The distribution of total energy input was 51.68% direct and 48.32% indirect with 14.81% originating from renewable sources and 85.19% from non-renewable sources. The total GHG emissions resulting from blackberry fruit growing were calculated as 615.26 kg CO2eq ha−1, corresponding to 0.03 kg CO2eq kg−1 of fruit. Overall, the findings indicate that blackberry fruit growing is energetically efficient, and profitable under the examined growing conditions.