Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of danofloxacin in swan geese (Anser cygnoides) following intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and oral administrations

The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of danofloxacin in swan geese (Anser cygnoides) after intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), and oral (PO) administrations at 10 mg/kg dose. In this study, eight clinically healthy swan geese were used. The study was performed in four periods according to a crossover design with a 15 days washout period between two administrations. The plasma concentrations of danofloxacin were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatograph-ultraviolet detection, and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by non-compartmental analysis. Following IV administration, terminal elimination half-life (t1/2ʎz), total clearance, and volume of distribution at steady state were 6.03 h, 0.34 L/h/kg, and 2.71 L/h/kg, respectively. After IM, SC, and PO administration, t1/2ʎz was longer than that after IV administration. The Cmax of danofloxacin following IM, SC, and PO administrations was 3.65, 2.76, and 1.98 μg/mL at 0.63, 1, and 2 h, respectively. The bioavailability following IM, SC, and PO administrations was 87.99, 72.77, and 57.68%, respectively. This information may help in the use of danofloxacin in geese, yet the determination of optimal dosage regimen and pharmacodynamic studies are needed.