Background: The 100 m sprint in track and field is widely used to demonstrate human capacity for extreme speed. However, there is limited research on how isokinetic leg strength, balance, and anaerobic endurance affect specific phases of sprinting. This study aimed to examine their influence on different sprint phases. Methods: A total of 45 men participated in the study and a 100 m sprint test, a three-corner running test, Biodex balance device, and Cybex Humac Norm 2004 device were used to collect data. To ascertain the connection between isokinetic leg strength, anaerobic endurance, general balance, and the different phases of speed, a Pearson correlation test was used. The level of influence of the data acquired for the isokinetic leg strength, anaerobic endurance and general balance on the speed phases was determined using a Linear Regression test. Results: The results indicated that left leg extension peak torque (left LEPT) values affected all phases of sprint except reaction speed (p < 0.05), while left leg flexion peak torque (left LFPT) values affected all phases of sprint except reaction speed and mid-acceleration (p < 0.05). Right leg extension peak torque (right LEPT) values were found to affect all phases of sprint except reaction speed and early acceleration phase (p < 0.05). Moreover, right leg flexion peak torque (right LFPT) values were found to affect all phases of sprint (p < 0.05). General balance score (GB) was found to affect the phases of early acceleration, late acceleration, maximum sprint, and sprint continuity (p < 0.05). Anaerobic endurance (AE) values were found to affect all phases of sprint except reaction speed (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Consequently, all parameters were found to have a significant effect on overall sprint performance but have the most effect, especially in the maximum speed and sprint continuity phase.