Background: Medical malpractice is a significant global issue affecting various aspects of healthcare, including ethical, legal, and managerial perspectives. Defensive medicine, where physicians engage in excessive practices to avoid malpractice lawsuits, is prevalent. In Turkey, the impact of malpractice fears on obstetricians and gynecologists (OB/GYNs) has not been extensively studied. This study aims to investigate the frequency of medical malpractice lawsuits, defensive medicine practices, the prevalence of medical malpractice stress syndrome (MMSS), and potential preventive measures among OB/GYNs in Turkey. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 212 OB/GYNs in Turkey, following ethical approval. Participants completed a questionnaire on their experiences with malpractice, defensive practices, and MMSS. The survey included sociodemographic questions, standardized scales for defensive medicine practices, and MMSS-related questions. Data were analyzed using SPSS 18 with a 95% confidence level. Results: The majority of participants were experienced professionals aged 30–39, predominantly female, and working in the public sector with limited subspecialty training. Defensive medicine was widespread, with 95.5% of participants engaging in such practices, and 79.2% reported altering their practice due to malpractice fears. Older age, female gender, extensive experience, private sector employment, and specific subspecialties were associated with higher defensive practices and MMSS. Conclusion: Defensive medicine is common among Turkish OB/GYNs, driven by malpractice fears. The study highlights the need for improved support systems, better legal protections, and educational interventions to address defensive practices and reduce malpractice-related stress.