Objective: This study was planned to determine the knowledge and behaviors about arteriovenous fistula care and protection of patients undergoing hemodialysis treatment. Materials and Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted in the hemodialysis unit of a university hospital between 02 September and 12 November 2019. The study was completed with 61 patients. The data was collected with a questionnaire consisting of 13 questions including the sociodemographic and disease characteristics of the patients, and 25 questions measuring the knowledge and behaviors of the patients about fistula care and protection. Ethics committee and institutional permissions were obtained before starting the research. The data of the study were collected by face-to-face interview method. The results were evaluated by One-Way ANOVA and Independent Samples t-Test using SPSS 22.00. Significance level was taken as p<0.05. Results: It was determined that the patients' knowledge level and behavior score averages were 80.98±7.29 (min: 64-max: 96). It was determined that the level of knowledge and behavior scores of the patients about fistula care and protection did not differ according to age, gender, education level and employment status, but they were affected by marital status, and the knowledge and behavior scores of married people were higher than those of single patients. It was determined that patients with higher education levels gave more correct answers to the questions about what to do in case of fistula infection and hypotension.