Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the mineral content and morphology of primary tooth enamel prepared using an Er:YAG laser at different power settings. Materials and methods: The buccal surfaces of 45 noncarious primary molars were assessed in this study. The surfaces were cleaned and the teeth were randomly divided into nine groups (n = 5 each) to evaluate the effects of Er:YAG laser treatment at different energy levels: 200 mJ, 2 Hz; 200 mJ, 3 Hz; 200 mJ, 10 Hz; 250 mJ, 2 Hz; 250 mJ, 3 Hz; 250 mJ, 10 Hz; 300 mJ, 2 Hz; 300 mJ, 3 Hz; and 300 mJ, 10 Hz. The mean percentage weight (wt%) of calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), fluoride (F), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and sodium (Na) in the primary tooth enamel was calculated for each group using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy before and after laser application. The enamel morphology was also evaluated using SEM. The obtained data were statistically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's honest significant difference test. Results: The mean wt% of Ca, P, and F in the enamel exhibited a significant change after laser treatment (p < 0.05); the wt% of Mg, K, and Na remained unchanged (p > 0.05). There was no association between the power setting of the laser and changes in the wt% of minerals in the enamel (p > 0.05). SEM showed that enamel irradiated at different energy levels exhibited a characteristic lava flow appearance, and more surface irregularities were observed with the 250-mJ setting than with the 200-mJ setting. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the mineral content and morphology of the enamel of primary teeth are affected by Er:YAG laser irradiation.