Background & Aims: Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a severe complication of cirrhosis which is characterized by renal dysfunction and associated with poor survival. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a troponin-like biomarker for human acute kidney injury. We aimed to investigate levels of plasma and urine NGAL in HRS and predictive ability of these markers for all-cause mortality, in HRS, stable cirrhosis and control subjects. Methods: A total of 64 patients with cirrhosis (8 patients with type 1 HRS, 22 with type 2 HRS, and 34 without HRS) and 23 control subjects were included in the study. Blood and urine samples were measured with Human NGAL sandwich ELISA. Patients were followed up prospectively. Results: Patients with type 1 and type 2 HRS had significantly higher plasma and urine NGAL levels compared with stable cirrhosis and control subjects. Cox regression analysis showed that plasma NGAL and MELD-Na scores were independent predictors of mortality. ROC-curve analysis showed that the plot of the plasma NGAL, urine NGAL, MELD-Na and Child-Turcot-Pugh score could predict all-cause mortality in cirrhotic patients' area under the curve (AUC 0.819, 0.686, 0.807 and 0.795 respectively). Conclusions: NGAL could predict mortality in patients with HRS independent of other commonly used risk factors. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S.