This study explores the cytotoxic and biochemical effects of PEGylated graphene oxide (GO-PEG) nanoparticles, sulforaphane, and Raphanus sativus L. (black radish) juice on BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cells. Sulforaphane was extracted from radish juice through pH-adjusted aqueous treatment followed by organic solvent extraction, and quantified via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at 202 nm, with a retention time of 11.0 min. GO-PEG nanoparticles produced from graphites (50 nm and 400 nm) were tested at concentrations ranging from 50–225 μg mL−1 and 100–1000 μg mL−1 to have IC50 values, respectively. Sulforaphane and black radish juice were also administered. The MTT assay revealed IC50 values of 8.7 μg mL−1 for sulforaphane, 197.0 mg mL−1 for black radish juice, 175.8 μg mL−1 for GO-PEG (50 nm), and 650.6 μg mL−1 for GO-PEG (400 nm). Biochemical analyses showed that sulforaphane and radish juice decreased IL-6 levels and increased antioxidant enzyme activities (GSH-Px and CAT). These results highlight the therapeutic potential of GO-PEG, sulforaphane, and black radish juice for anti-inflammatory and antioxidant applications.