Background: The One Health framework emphasizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health and is closely linked with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study conducted a longitudinal bibliometric analysis of the Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi to assess how its scientific output from 2007 to 2024 reflects evolving One Health and sustainability-related research priorities. Methods: A total of 978 records covering the journal’s entire SCI-indexed period were retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS). Bibliometric analyses were conducted in R Studio (v4.5.1) using the Bibliometrix/Biblioshiny package. Keyword standardization, synonym harmonization, and clustering were applied to generate keyword co-occurrence networks, thematic maps, and multi-period thematic evolution analyses (2007–2013; 2014–2019; 2020–2024). WoS–SDG tagging was integrated and manually validated to evaluate alignment with sustainability and One Health domains. Results: The analysis revealed a clear thematic transition over time. Early publications focused on classical veterinary and production-oriented topics such as reproduction, physiology, nutrition, and livestock performance. During the mid-period, increasing emphasis was placed on epidemiology, pathogen detection, and antimicrobial resistance. In the most recent period, molecular diagnostics, infectious disease ecology, and environmental health emerged as central clusters. SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) remained dominant but declined from approximately 79% of publications in 2007–2014 to 69% in 2020–2024, while SDG 13 (Climate Action) increased markedly after 2019, reaching mean values around 10%, indicating diversification toward environmental sustainability. The growing integration of diagnostic terms such as Polymerase Chain Reaction, cytokines, and histopathology reflects increasing research capacity and methodological modernization consistent with One Health priorities. Conclusions: The journal has undergone a substantial evolution from a predominantly traditional veterinary focus toward a more integrative, interdisciplinary, and sustainability-oriented research agenda aligned with One Health and SDG frameworks.