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Brachial plexus variations in human fetuses
Scopus
Toplam 147 atıf DOI
OBJECTIVE: We examined the anatomic variations of the brachial plexus (BP) in human fetuses. METHODS: This study was performed with 200 BPs from spontaneously aborted fetuses without detectable malformations. The plexuses were dissected, and the normal position and/or morphological variations of the BP were determined and photographed. RESULTS: There were no variations in 93 plexuses, and 107 plexuses were observed to have different variations. Morphological variations were observed more frequently among female fetuses and right sides. The BPs were composed mostly of the C5, C6, C7, and C8 nerves and the T1 nerve (71.5%). A prefixed plexus was observed in 25.5% of cases, and a postfixed plexus was observed in 2.5% of cases. In one case (0.5%), the C4 and T2 nerves joined the formation. The inferior trunk was not formed in 9% of cases. The superior trunk was not formed in 1% of cases. In one plexus, the superior trunk was formed by the ventral rami of the C4 and C5 nerves. In one case, the inferior trunk was formed by the ventral rami of the T1 and T2 nerves. Division variations were observed most frequently. There were also variations in the terminal branches, such as the roots of the median nerve joining in the distal part of the arm (8.5%), the axillary nerve being separate from the posterior division of the superior trunk (2.5%), and a connection existing between the median and musculocutaneous nerves (1%). CONCLUSION: Knowledge of BP variations is important for surgeons who perform surgical procedures in the cervical and axillary regions.
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The motor branches of median and ulnar nerves that innervate superficial flexor muscles: A study in human fetuses
Scopus
Havuzumuzda 23 atıf almış
Purpose We aimed to describe the distribution of the motor branches of the median and ulnar nerves that innervate the superficial flexor muscles in detail, as well as to determine any communication between these two nerves in a series of 100 human fetuses. Methods This study was performed on 200 upper limbs from 100 fetuses. However, the motor branches of the median nerve were determined on 50 upper limbs because of the developmental properties of medial epicondylar muscles. Results The motor branch, which innervates the pronator teres, is classified into two types and four subtypes. The flexor carpi radialis branch arose as a single branch in 30% of the cases. The innervation of the flexor digitorum superficialis was also performed by a single muscular branch in 88% of the cases and by two branches in 12% of the cases. The ulnar nerve was classified into two types according to the number of muscular branches in the forearm. Martin-Gruber anastomosis was observed in 7.5% of the cases. Conclusions These results show differences from classical definitions regarding the muscular branching patterns of the median and ulnar nerves. We suggest revisiting the classical descriptions of innervation patterns of pronator teres, palmaris longus and flexor carpi radialis muscles, since the variations observed in their innervation patterns are more diverse than has been described. © Springer-Verlag 2009.
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Kurumlar (1)
Selçuk Üniversitesi
Selçuklu, Turkey