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The versatility of antioxidant assays in food science and safety—chemistry, applications, strengths, and limitations
Scopus
Open Access Toplam 629 atıf DOI
Currently, there is a growing interest in screening and quantifying antioxidants from biological samples in the quest for natural and effective antioxidants to combat free radical-related pathological complications. Antioxidant assays play a crucial role in high-throughput and cost-effective assessment of antioxidant capacities of natural products such as medicinal plants and food samples. However, several investigators have expressed concerns about the reliability of existing in vitro assays. Such concerns arise mainly from the poor correlation between in vitro and in vivo results. In addition, in vitro assays have the problem of reproducibility. To date, antioxidant capacities are measured using a panel of assays whereby each assay has its own advantages and limitations. This unparalleled review hotly disputes on in vitro antioxidant assays and elaborates on the chemistry behind each assay with the aim to point out respective principles/concepts. The following critical questions are also addressed: (1) What make antioxidant assays coloured? (2) What is the reason for working at a particular wavelength? (3) What are the advantages and limitations of each assay? and (4) Why is a particular colour observed in antioxidant–oxidant chemical reactions? Furthermore, this review details the chemical mechanism of reactions that occur in each assay together with a colour ribbon to illustrate changes in colour. The review ends with a critical conclusion on existing assays and suggests constructive improvements on how to develop an adequate and universal antioxidant assay.
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Exogenous Syringic Acid Mitigates Arsenic Toxicity in Lettuce Plants: A Physiological, Antioxidant, and Metabolomics Investigation
Scopus
Havuzumuzda
Arsenic (As) contamination in agricultural water and soil poses a growing threat to leafy vegetable safety, with lettuce being particularly vulnerable due to its high water content and direct consumption without processing. This study investigated the capacity of exogenous syringic acid (SyA) to mitigate As-induced toxicity in lettuce plants, integrating physiological, biochemical, and untargeted metabolomics approaches. Arsenic significantly reduced plant biomass (31% and 53% in fresh and dry weight), impaired stomatal conductance, and suppressed net CO2 assimilation. However, the SyA application, particularly at 10 μM, significantly restored biomass, photosynthetic performance, and redox homeostasis under As stress. Notably, SyA enhanced antioxidant capacity, as reflected by elevated FRAP and CUPRAC activities and increased accumulation of the phenolic compounds. Untargeted metabolomics revealed that As exposure broadly reprogrammed secondary metabolism, including activation of the phenylpropanoid and shikimate pathways with notable accumulation of flavonoid glycosides and alkaloids, consistent with a shift toward oxidative defense. Conversely, SyA at 500 μM exerted phytotoxic effects even under nonstress conditions, confirming a biphasic, concentration-dependent mode of action with a critical threshold between 250 and 500 μM. The findings suggest that an optimized concentration of SyA can act as a metabolic modulator, fine-tuning the plant responses to As by boosting the antioxidant defense system.
Atıf Yapan Makale Bilgileri
Kurumlar (4)
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
Rome, Italy
Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi
Meram, Turkey
Selçuk Üniversitesi
Selçuklu, Turkey
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Campus di Piacenza e Cremona
Piacenza, Italy