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Antioxidant and anticholinesterase evaluation of selected Turkish Salvia species
Scopus
Toplam 201 atıf DOI
Since Salvia species (Lamiaceae) have been recorded to be used against memory loss in European folk medicine, we herein examined in vitro anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities of 56 extracts prepared with petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol obtained from 14 Salvia species (Salvia albimaculata Hedge and Hub, Salvia aucheri Bentham var. canescens Boiss and Heldr, Salvia candidissima Vahl. ssp. occidentalis, Salvia ceratophylla L., Salvia cryptantha Montbret and Bentham, Salvia cyanescens Boiss and Bal., Salvia frigida Boiss, Salvia forskahlei L., Salvia halophilaHedge, Salvia migrostegia Boiss and Bal., Salvia multicaulis Vahl., Salvia sclarea L., Salvia syriaca L., Salvia verticillata L. ssp. amasiaca) growing in Turkey. The antioxidant activities were assessed by both chemical and enzymatic methods against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging and xanthine/xanthine oxidase (XO) system generated superoxide anion radical inhibition. Anticholinesterase effect of the extracts was tested against both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) at concentrations of 0.2 and 1 mg/ml using a microplate-reader assay based on the Ellman method. Most of the extracts did not show any activity against AChE at 0.2 mg/ml, while the chloroform extracts had noticeable inhibition against BChE between 47.7% and 74.7%. The most active extracts at 1 mg/ml for AChE inhibition were observed to be petroleum ether extract of Salvia albimaculata (89.4%) and chloroform extract of Salvia cyanescens (80.2%), whereas ethyl acetate extracts of Salvia frigida and Salvia migrostegia, chloroform extracts of Salvia candidissima ssp. occidentalis and Salvia ceratophylla, as well as petroleum ether extract of Salvia cyanescens were found to inhibit potently BChE (92.2%, 89.6%, 91.1%, 91.3%, and 91.8%, respectively). Particularly, the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were observed to be highly active against both DPPH and XO. Our data indicates that nonpolar extracts of Salvia species for anticholinesterase activity and the polar extracts for antioxidant activity are worth further phytochemical evaluation for identifying their active components. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Development of an efficient in vitro micropropagation and biochemical profiling of Salvia halophila, an endemic Turkish sage
Scopus
Havuzumuzda Open Access 2 atıf almış
Background: Salvia halophila Hedge is an endemic sage species confined to the salt steppe ecosystems of Central Anatolia (Türkiye), particularly around the Lake Tuz Basin, and is classified as Endangered (EN) by the IUCN. Its narrow distribution, low seed germination rates, and habitat pressures threaten its survival and restrict the sustainable exploitation of its valuable phytochemicals, such as rosmarinic acid and other phenolics. In vitro micropropagation represents a strategic approach for producing genetically uniform and phytochemically rich plant material, thereby supporting both ex situ conservation and biotechnological applications. Results: Three germination strategies were compared. Chemical priming and direct gibberellic acid (GA₃) applications were largely ineffective, whereas in vitro germination on GA₃-enriched media produced viable seedlings. WPM medium supplemented with 0.5–1.0 mg L⁻¹ GA₃ achieved the highest germination rate (20%). The optimized sterilization treatment minimized fungal contamination (4.4%) while sustaining a high proportion of healthy shoots (73%). For shoot induction, MS medium consistently outperformed WPM, achieving 78% induction and 1.51 shoots per explant versus 50% and 0.86 on WPM. Among cytokinins, meta-topolin (mT) provided the most reliable results, ensuring 90–100% shoot induction with high shoot quality at 0.2–1.0 mg L⁻¹. Rooting experiments demonstrated the superiority of IBA over NAA, with 0.5 mg L⁻¹ IBA yielding 66% rooting and 77% acclimatization. Biochemical profiling showed that micropropagated plantlets accumulated higher phenolic contents (TPC = 15.9 mg GAE g⁻¹ DW) and stronger antioxidant capacity (IC₅₀=24.6 µg mL⁻¹) compared with seed-derived plants. Conclusion: The study successfully established a stage-specific and efficient micropropagation protocol for S. halophila. While WPM medium was more favorable for seed germination, MS medium supplemented with mT and IBA was optimal for shoot regeneration and rooting. The protocol not only enhances propagation efficiency but also increases secondary metabolite accumulation, providing a reliable platform for conservation, sustainable utilization, and potential commercial production of this endangered halophyte.
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Kurumlar (1)
Selçuk Üniversitesi
Selçuklu, Turkey